Understanding disc herniation
Disc herniation happens when material from a spinal disc bulges or pushes out and irritates nearby nerves. It may cause pain, numbness or weakness. Many cases improve without surgery.
When surgery may be considered
Surgery may be considered if rest, physiotherapy and medicines do not relieve symptoms. The aim is to remove the disc material pressing on a nerve.
When to seek emergency care
New loss of bladder or bowel control, numbness around the groin, or rapidly worsening weakness needs immediate emergency assessment. Do not wait for a routine appointment.
Surgical approaches
- Microdiscectomy uses a small incision and a microscope or magnifying lenses to remove the herniated disc material.
- Endoscopic discectomy may use smaller incisions and a camera-equipped tube to guide the surgeon.
How the procedure works
The surgeon makes an incision over the affected disc, gently moves the muscles aside and may use a retractor to create a pathway. Surgical instruments or an endoscope are used to remove the material compressing the nerve. The muscles return to position and the incision is closed.
Potential benefits
The main aim is to relieve pain and other symptoms of nerve compression. Minimally invasive approaches can limit tissue disruption and may allow a shorter hospital stay or recovery than open surgery.
Recovery
Patients are usually encouraged to start moving and walking soon after surgery. Physiotherapy may help rehabilitation and reduce future problems. Recovery varies between patients and procedures.
Risks
All surgery carries risks. Possible complications include infection, bleeding, nerve injury and recurrence of disc herniation.





